In den biologischen Wissenschaften fällt der Systematik die Suche nach den natürlichen Verwandtschaftsverhältnissen der Organismen untereinander zu. Ein Spezialzweig - die Phylogenetik - untersucht die Abstammung der Organismen voneinander. Aufgabe der Taxonomie ist es dagegen, Gruppen (= Taxa, das können Arten, Gattungen oder höhere Einheiten sein) gegeneinander abzugrenzen und so Gruppierungen gleicher oder ähnlicher Merkmale zu finden. Dieser Zweig ist es auch, dem die Entdeckung und Beschreibung neuer Arten zukommt.

Fig. 1

Friedl, T. & Büdel, B. 2007. Photobionts. In Nash, T.H.III (ed.), Lichen Biology, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press

Bestimmte Gruppen terrestrisch lebender Algen und Blaualgen (= prokaryotische Algen und damit in das Reich der Bakterien gehörend) treten besonders häufig auch als Photobionten (assimilierender Symbiosepartner) auf. Freilebende Cyanobakterien (modernerer Ausdruck für "Blaualgen") und Cyanobakterien-Flechten spielen in tropischen und subtropischen Ökosystemen eine wichtige Rolle.

Some terrestrial algae and blue-green algae (i.e. procaryotic algae, and thus bacteria) can be met quite frequently as symbiotic partners in lichens. Free-living cyanobacteria, which is the modern expression for "blue-green algae", and also cyanobacterial lichens play a major role in tropical and subtropical ecosystems.

Fig. 1: 16S rDNA phylogeny of cyanobacterial genera that also occur as cyanobionts (Kauff and Büdel unpublished). /Gloeobacter violaceus /was added as outgroup . Chro = Chroococcales; Nost = Nostocales; Osci = Oscillatoriales; Pleu = Pleurocapsales; Stig = Stigonematales. Bootstrap frequencies (number in italics) and posterior probabilities are indicated above horizontal branches. Phylogram generated with RAxML-HPC-2.1.2 Stamatakis (2006) out of 200 replicates and a GTRMIX model. Bootstrap proportions calculated with 500 replicates. Posterior probabilities estimated with MrBayes3.1.1 Huelsenbeck and Ronquist (2001), generating 20,000,000 generations using a GTR model with gamma distribution and a proportion of invariable sites. GeneBank accession number given in brackets.

Fungi as heterotrophic organisms (i. e. living on dead or live organic material) are still treated as a subject inside the botanical field due to historical and traditional reasons. When entering a symbiosis with photoautotrophic (i. e. practicing photosysnthesis) procaryotic or eucaryotic algae they are able to live as "real" plants. These symbiotic organisms are called lichens and were considered as an own taxon in earlier times. Today, the lichens are placed inside the fungal system as they were found to be nutritionary specialized fungi.

Publikationen - Publications

Miadlikowska J, Kauff F, Hofstetter V, Fraker E, Grube M, Hafellner J, Reeb V, Hodkinson BP, Kukwa M, Lücking R, Hestmark, Garcia-Otalora M, Rauhut A, Büdel B, Scheidegger C, Timdal E, Stenroos S, Brodo I, Perlmutter GB, Ertz D, Diederich P, Lendemer JC, Tripp E, Yahr R, May P, Gueidan C, Spatafora JW, Schoch C, Arnold AE, Robertson C, Lutzoni F. 2006. New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes. Mycologia 98: 1088-1103

James TY, Kauff F, Schoch C, Matheny PB, Hofstetter V, Cox CJ, Celio G, Gueidan C, Fraker E, Miadlikowska J, Lumbsch T, Rauhut A, Reeb V, Arnold AE, Amtoft A, Stajich JE, Hosaka K, Sung G-H, Johnson D, O’Rourke B, Binder M, Curtis JM, Slot JC, Wang Z, Wilson AW, Schüßler A, Longcore JE, O’Donnell K, Mozley-Standridge K, Porter D, Letcher PM, Powell MJ, Taylor JW, White MM, Griffith GW, Davies DR, Sugiyama J, Rossman AY, Rogers JD, Pfister DH, Hewitt D, Hansen K, Hambleton S, Shoemaker RA, Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Spotts RA, Serdani M, Crous PW, Hughes KW, Matsuura K, Langer E, Langer G, Untereiner WA, Lücking R, Büdel B, Geiser DM, Aptroot A, Buck WR, Cole MS, Diederich P, Printzen C, Schmitt I, Schultz M, Yahr R, Zavarzin A, Hibbett DS, Lutzoni F, McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW, Vilgalys R. (2006). Reconstructing the early evolution of the fungi using a six gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818-822

Kauff F, Büdel B, (2005). Ascoma ontogeny and apothecial anatomy in the Gyalectaceae (Ostropales, Ascomycota) support the reestablishment of the Coenogoniaceae. Bryologist 108(2): 272-281

Lutzoni F, Kauff F, Cox C, McLaughlin D, Celio G, Dentinger B, Padamsee M, Hibbett D, James TY, Baloch E, Grube M, Reeb V, Hofstetter V, Schoch C, Arnold AE, Miadlikowska J, Spatafora J, Johnson D, Hambleton S, Crockett M, Shoemaker R, Sung GH, Lücking R, Lumbsch T, O’Donnell K, Binder M, Diederich P, Ertz D, Gueidan C, Hall B, Hansen K, Harris RC, Hosaka K, Lim YW, Liu Y, Matheny B, Nishida H, Pfister D, Rogers J, Rossman A, Schmitt I, Sipman H, Stone J, Sugiyama J, Yahr R, Vilgalys R. (2004). Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. Amer. J. Bot. 91: 1446-1480

Büdel, B. Schultz, M. and Nash, T.H. (2002). Heppia. In: Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C. and Bungartzs, F. (eds) Lichen flora of the greater Sonoran Desert region. Arizona State University, p. 204-207.

Büdel, B. and Nash, T.H. (2002). Peltula. In: Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C. and Bungartzs, F. (eds) Lichen flora of the greater Sonoran Desert region. Arizona State University, p. 331-340.

Fewer, D., Friedl, T. and Büdel, B. (2002). Chroococcidiopsis and heterocyst differentiating cyanobacteria are each others closest living relatives. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23: 82-90.

Kauff F, Lutzoni F, (2002). Phylogeny of the Gyalectales and Ostropales (Ascomycota, Fungi): among and within order relationships based on nuclear ribosomal RNA small and large subunits. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 25: 138-156

Schultz, M., Arendholz, W.-R. and Büdel, B. 2001. Origin and evolution of the lichenized ascomycete order Lichinales: monophyly and systematic relationship inferred from ascus, fruiting body and SSU rDNA evolution. Plant Biology 3: 116-123.

Büdel, B. 2001. Peltulaceae. In: Flora of Australia Vol. 58a (Lichens 3), P.M. MCCarthy (ed.), pp. 24-32. Schultz, M. and Büdel, B. (2002). Key to the genera of the Lichinaceae. Lichenologist 34: 39-62.